中外家具发展史

2023年12月30日发(作者：鞠抗捷)

中外家具发展史

家具是人类几千年来文化艺术的结晶，它伴随着人类的脚步，从远古走向今天，就象人类生活的另一种诠释，演绎着人类文明的进程。

我国家具有着悠久的历史,它是我国民族文化遗产的一个重要组成部分,也是世界家具宝库中一颗璀灿的明珠。

首先传统家具可以分为以下五个阶段：

一、 商、周至汉朝时期的传统家具（公元前17世纪—公元280年）这一时期人们习惯席地而坐，所以这一时期属于低行家具时期。

（1）、夏商西周时期。这一时期的家具是我国古代家具的初始时期，其造型古朴，人们信奉鬼神的观念，家具往往有种庄严之感。

（2）、春秋战国时期。这是从奴隶制社会转向封建社会的一个重要时期。当时的漆木工艺已经达到相当高的水平。

（3）、汉朝时期。这一时期中国封建社会进入第一个鼎盛时期出现了座榻、坐凳等家具类型。

二、两晋至五代时期的传统家具（265—960）

（1）、两晋、南北朝时期。期间主要围绕席地而坐和垂足坐两种方式变化。与少数民族融合，出现了低型和髙型两大家具系列。

（2）、隋唐时期。是我国髙型家具的形成时期，它一改六朝前家具的面貌，形成流畅柔美，雍容华贵的唐式家具风格。

（3）、五代时期。家具造型崇尚简洁无华，朴实大方。这种朴素内在美取代了唐代家具刻意追求繁缛修饰的倾向，为宋式家具风格的形成树立了典范。

三、宋、辽、、元时期的传统家具（690—1368）

（1）宋、辽、金时期，宋代家具已经普及一般家庭，结束了矮行家具时代。宋代家具以造型淳朴纤秀、结构合理精细为主要特征。此外还重视尺寸和结构与人体的关系，开艺严谨，造型优美，使用方便。家具种类有开光鼓墩、交椅、高几、琴桌、炕桌、盆架、座地檠(落地灯架)、带抽屉的桌子、镜台等，各类家具还派生出不同款式。

四、明代传统家具（368—644）

明代家具在继承宋代家具传统的基础上，发扬光大，推陈出新，不仅种类齐全，款式繁多，而且用材考究，造型朴实大方，制作严谨准确，结构合理规范，逐渐形成稳定，鲜明的明代家具风格，把中国古代家具推向顶峰时期。明代家具是在宋、元家具的基础上发展成熟的，形成了最有代表性的民族风格“明式”。

五、清代传统家具（644 1911）

清代家具多结合厅堂、卧室、书斋等不同居室进行设计，分类详尽，功能明确。其主要特征是，造型庄重，雕饰繁重，体量宽大，气度宏伟，脱离了宋、明以来家具秀丽实用的淳朴气质，形成了清代家具的风格。清式家具的样式也比明朝繁多，并有自己的特点：

（1） 用材广泛，装饰丰富。

（2） 选材讲究，做工精致细腻。

（3） 注重装饰，手法多样。

（4） 受西洋家具的影响。

其次，国外古典家具也可以分为以下六个时期来叙述：

一、 古埃及、古希腊、古罗马时期的家具

（1）、古埃及家具的造型遵循着严格的对称规则，华贵中呈威仪，拘谨中有动感，充分体现了使用者权势的大小和其社会地位的高低。

强调家具的装饰性超过了实用性。代表作黄金扶手椅和黄金床

（2）、古希腊家具的魅力在于其造型适合人类生活的要求，实现了功能与形式美的统一，体现出自由、活泼的气质，立足于实用而不过分追求装饰，具有比利适宜。线条简捷流畅、造型轻巧的特点，给人以优美、舒适之感。椅子、凳子、躺椅、桌子和箱子就是他们所拥有的全部家具。代表作品克里斯莫斯椅。

（3）罗马家具有奢华的面貌，造型和装饰上受到希腊的影响，但却具有古罗马帝国的坚厚、凝重的风格。希腊素以轻快爽利见长，而罗马则以坚实呆滞为重。代表作品(一)列克塔斯躺椅

二、中世纪时期的家具

中间的世纪”。具体是从公元5世纪下半叶(476年)西罗马帝圈灭

亡到17世纪英国资产阶级革命的爆发，前后共经历了大约12个世纪。

（1），拜占庭时期家具继承了罗马家具的形式，并融和西亚的艺术风格，趋于更多的装饰，雕刻、镶嵌最为多见，有的则通体施以浮雕。装饰手法常模仿罗马建筑上的拱券形式。

（2）意大利文艺复兴时期，其特征是普遍采用直线式，以古典浮雕图案为特征做装饰。

（3）、西班牙文艺复兴时期，其特征是厚重的比例和矩形形式，结构简单，缺乏运用建筑细部装饰。

（4）、法国文艺复兴时期，

三、巴洛克时期的家具

其主要特点是建立在豪华艳丽而堂皇的浪漫基础之上，具有曲线和流动的表面形式。

四、洛可可时期的家具

其主要特征是回旋曲折的壳形曲线和精细纤巧的雕饰。

五、新古典主义时期的家具

形式结构很简单，造型比较规整．优美并且带有古典式的朴素之美。其中有代表性的椅子是模仿克里斯莫斯而设计的奖章靠背椅

六、维多利亚时代的家具

这一时期是19世纪混乱风格的代表，不加区别地综合了历史上的家具形式，图案花纹包括古典，洛可可，哥特式，文艺复兴。。。。。。等十分复杂。

以上就是中外家具是的大致内容。

（英文版 ）

Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party

in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the

implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan,

implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to

manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major

initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code >

adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party

members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high

standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler

requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge,

draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the"

bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules

of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised

regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part

is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision

of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two

party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp

several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the

implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and <

Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC

Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist

Party members and leading cadres honest politics several

guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and

Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party

laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work

lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological

consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of

our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and

innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals,

adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people

reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code >

and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the

third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the

experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi

Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen

years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of

the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as

members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain

criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and

implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of

the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the

party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has

not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too

complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to

remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is

concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions

excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms

and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary

regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations

repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for

the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level

leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist

Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December

2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the

construction of the party play very important role. Along with the

development of the situation, which many provisions have been

unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the

practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and

criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition;

two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not

specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority

of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious

responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading

cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above

situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest

administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant

regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of

Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the

majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of

party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations

revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of

China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi

Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the

eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection,

on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to

the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline

Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations

revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for

Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14

times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision,

amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path

and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the

province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the

Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and

state organs Department

The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views

of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and

Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the

Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general

office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to

solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the

central ministries and commissions, state ministries and

commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department

of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two

regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline

Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study,

attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and

October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing

Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After

consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18,

the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally

issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment

concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party.

Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic

principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the

party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary

Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary

Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political

criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party

characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the

law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with

Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first,

adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about

discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party

constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining

the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping

pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the

fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early

2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for

Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central

Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the

party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the

revision of the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the

regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue

is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the

constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and

party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about

discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to

adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party

and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the

party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the

< code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the

positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few",

emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the

majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards.

The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a

"negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical

gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict

party discipline and practice results transformation for the

integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline

requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres

provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the

problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main

problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of

self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined,

especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and

political rules, organization and discipline and to implement the

central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other

requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the

designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and

effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the

< code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key

problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations

governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the

present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and

Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put

forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing

Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all

over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements.

One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct

relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive

advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the

content of the" negative list moved into synchronization

amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will

apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres

to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive

strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the

leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put

forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five

is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand,

easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since

the first insists on a positive advocate forAll Party members and the

self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of

the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > <

criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18,

more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of

eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member

cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members

low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be

summarized as "four must" "eight code". Lead part, reiterated on

ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work

style, noble sentiments, such as "four must" the principle of

requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for

6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the party's

advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards

requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party

members how to correctly treat and deal with the "public and

private", "cheap and rot" thrifty and extravagance "bitter music", put

forward the "four norms". Party leader cadre clean fingered

self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and

cadres of the "vital few", around the "clean politics", from civil

servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good

family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party

members and cadres of the "four norms" < > < norm norm. "The

Party member's self-discipline norms" and "party members and

leading cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms," a total of eight,

collectively referred to as the "eight". "Four must" and "eight" of the

content from the party constitution and Party's several generation

of leaders, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the important

discussion, refer to the "three discipline and eight points for

attention" statements, and reference some embody the Chinese

nation excellent traditional culture essence of epigrams. (2) the

revised regulations, the main changes in the revised Regulations >

to fully adapt to the strictly requirements, reflects the according to

the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the

realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. < rule > is party

a ruler, members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of

Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels

should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the

bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the party's advanced

nature and purity. 1, respect for the constitution, refinement and

discipline. Revised < rule > from comprehensive comb physical

constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of

the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements

refinement, clearly defined in violation of the party constitution will

be in accordance with regulations to give the corresponding

disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of misconduct,

integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty

and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline and

other six categories, the content of < rule > real return to Party

discipline, for the majority of Party members and listed a "negative

list. 7 2, highlighting the political discipline and political rules. > <

Regulations according to the stage of the discipline of outstanding

performance, emphasizing political discipline and political rules,

organization and discipline, in opposition to the party's leadership

and the party's basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic

experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed

punishment, increase the cliques, against the organization such as

violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government

decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict

discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised <

Regulations > adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any

national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total

removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public

security management punishment law, and other laws and

regulations. In the general reiterated that party organizations and

Party members must conscientiously accept the party's discipline,

die van comply with national laws and regulations; at the same time,

to investigate violations of Party members and even criminal

behavior of Party discipline and responsibility, > < Regulations

distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were

made provisions, so as to realize the connection of Party discipline

and state law. 4, reflect Wind building and anti-corruption struggle

of the latest achievements. < rule > the party's eighteen years

implement the spirit of the central provisions of the eight, against

the requirements of the "four winds" and transformation for

disciplinary provisions, reflecting the style construction is always on

the road, not a gust of wind. In the fight against corruption out of

new problems, increase the trading rights, the use of authority

relatives profit and other disciplinary terms. Prominent discipline of

the masses, the new against the interests of the masses and ignore

the demands of the masses and other disciplinary terms and make

provisions of the disposition and the destruction of the party's close

ties with the masses.

Discipline to protect the party's purpose. 8 of these regulations,

a total of three series, Chapter 15, 178, more than 24000 words,

after the revision of the regulations a total of 3 series, Chapter 11,

133, 17000 words, divided into "general" and "special provisions"

and "Supplementary Provisions" Part 3. Among them, add, delete,

modify the provisions of the proportion of up to nearly 90%. 1, the

general general is divided into five chapters. The first chapter to the

regulations of the guiding ideology, principles and scope of

application of the provisions, highlight the strengthening of the party

constitution consciousness, maintenance the authority of Party

Constitution, increase the party organizations and Party members

must abide by the party constitution, Yan Centralized centralized,

would examine at all levels of the amended provisions

implementing and maintaining Party discipline, and consciously

accept the party discipline, exemplary compliance with national

laws and regulations. The second chapter of discipline concept,

disciplinary action types and effects of the regulations, will be a

serious warning from the original a year for a year and a half;

increase the Party Congress representative, by leaving the party

above (including leave probation) punishment, the party

organization should be terminated its representative qualification

provisions. The third chapter of the disciplinary rules of use

prescribed in the discipline rectifying process, non convergence,

not close hand classified as severely or heavier punishment.

"Discipline straighten "At least eighteen years of five years, these

five years is to pay close attention to the provisions of the central

eight implementation and anti -" four winds ". The fourth chapter on

suspicion of illegal party disciplinary distinguish five different

conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, to

achieve effective convergence of Party and country 9 method. <

rule > the provisions of Article 27, Party organizations in the

disciplinary review found that party members have committed

embezzlement, bribery, dereliction of duty dereliction of duty and

other criminal law act is suspected of committing a crime shall give

cancel party posts, probation or expelled from the party. The

second is < Regulations > Article 28 the provisions of Party

organizations in the disciplinary review But found that party

members are stipulated in the criminal law, although not involved in

a crime shall be investigated for Party discipline and responsibility

should be depending on the specific circumstances shall be given a

warning until expelled punishment. This situation and a difference

is that the former regulation behavior has been suspected of a

crime, the feeling is quite strict, and the latter for the behavior not

involving crime, only the objective performance of the provisions of

the criminal code of behavior, but the plot is a crime to slightly. <

Regulations > the 29 provisions, Party organizations in the

discipline review found that party members and other illegal

behavior, affect the party's image, the damage to the party, the

state and the people's interests, we should depend on the situation

Seriousness given disciplinary action. The loss of Party members,

seriously damaging the party's image of behavior, should be given

expelled from the party. At this article is party member is in violation

of the criminal law outside the other illegal acts, such as violates

the public security administration punishment law, customs law,

financial laws and regulations behavior. The fourth is < cases >

Article 32 stipulates, minor party members and the circumstances

of the crime, the people's Procuratorate shall make a decision not

to initiate a prosecution, or the people's court shall make a

conviction and exempted from criminal punishment shall be given

within the party is removed from his post, probation or expelled

from the party. Party members and crime, sheets were fined in

accordance with For acts; the principal Ordinance amended the

provisions of the preceding paragraph. This is the new content, in

order to achieve Ji method effective convergence. Five is < > the

thirty third article 10 of the provisions, the Party member due to an

intentional crime is sentenced to criminal law (including probation)

sheets or additional deprivation of political rights; due to negligence

crime and was sentenced to three years or more (excluding three

years) a penalty, shall give expelled punishment. Due to negligence

crime is convicted and sentenced to three years (including three

years) in prison or be sentenced to public surveillance, detention,

shall in general be expelled from the party. For the individual may

not be expelled from the party, should control Approval. This is

followed and retained the original > < Regulations the provisions of

punishment party authorization rules and report to a level party

organizations. For is "party members with criminal acts, and by the

criminal punishment, generally should be expelled from the party".

The fifth chapter of probationary Party member of the discipline and

discipline after missing members of the treatment and punishment

decisions, such as the implementation of the provisions, clear the

related party discipline and punishment decision made after, for

duties, wages and other relevant alteration formalities for the

longest time. 2, sub sub section will the original regulations of

10 categories of acts of violation of discipline integration revised

into 6 categories, respectively, in violation of the punishments for

acts of political discipline "in violation of discipline behavior of

punishment" in violation of integrity of disciplinary action points "of

violation punishments for acts of mass discipline" "the violation of

work discipline, punishment" in violation of discipline of life behavior

punishment "6 chapters. 3, annex" Supplementary Provisions

"clear authority making supplementary provisions of, cases of

interpretative organ, as well as regulations implementation time

and retroactivity etc.. 11 (3) learning understanding > < regulations

needs to grasp several key problems The first problem -- about the

violation of political discipline behavior > < new ordinance chapter 6

the political discipline column for the six disciplines, that is the main

opposition to Party leadership and the opposition of the basic

theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, basic

requirements of misconduct made provisions of the disposition,

especially the eighteen since the CPC Central Committee put

forward the Yan Mingzheng treatment of discipline and political

rules requirements and practical achievements transformation for

Discipline article, increase the false debate central policies, cliques,

against the organization review, make no discipline of the principle

of harmony terms. These are the party's eighteen years in

comprehensive strictly Process combined with the practice of rich

content. (1) false debate the central policies and undermine the

Party of centralized and unified the problem is made in accordance

with the provisions of the party constitution. Constitution in general

programme requirements adhere to democratic centralism is one of

the requirements of the construction of the party must adhere to the

four cardinal. Application of this principle is not only the party the

basic organization principle and is also the mass line in party life, it

requires that we must fully develop inner-party democracy, respect

for the dominant position of Party members, safeguarding the Party

member democratic rights, give full play to the enthusiasm and

creativity of the party organizations at all levels and Party members,

at the same time, also must implement the right concentration,

ensure the party's mission < the chaos in unity and concerted

action to ensure that the party's decision to get quickly and

effectively implementing. The Party Central Committee formulated

the major principles and policies, through different channels and

ways, fully listen to the party organizations and Party members of

the opinions and suggestions, but 12 is some people face to face

not to say back blather "" will not say, after the meeting said, ""

Taiwan does not say, and nonsense ", in fact, not only disrupt the

people thought, some causing serious consequences, the damage

to the Party of the centralized and unified, hinder the central policy

implementation, but also a serious violation of the democratic

system of principles. There is no doubt that shall, in accordance

with the Regulations > 4 Specified in Article 6 to give the

appropriate punishment. For did not cause serious consequences,

to give criticism and education or the corresponding tissue

processing. (2) about the destruction of the party's unity < New

Regulations > the forty eighth to fifty second article, to damage

Party's unity unified and violation of political discipline, punishment

situation made explicit provisions. Article 52 of the new "in the party

get round group, gangs seek private gain, cliques, cultivate private

forces or through the exchange of interests, for their own to create

momentum and other activities to gain political capital, given a

serious warning or withdraw from their party posts disposition; if the

circumstances are serious, to give Leave a party to observation or

expelled from the party. (3) on against the organization review of

the provisions of the constitution, party loyalty honesty is party

members must comply with the obligations. Members must obey

the organization decision, shall not violate the organization decided

encounters by asking questions to find organization, rely on the

organization, shall not deceive the organization, against the

organization. For example, after the investigation does not take the

initiative to explain the situation, but to engage in offensive and

defensive alliance, hiding the stolen money is against survey

organization, is a violation of the behavior of political discipline.

Article 24 of the original > < Regulations, although the provisions of

the interference, hinder group review the behavior of the fabric can

be severely or 13 Aggravated punishment, but did not put this kind

of behavior alone as a discipline for qualitative amount of

discipline. > < new regulations increase the Article 57, "anti

organization review, one of the following acts, given a warning or

serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving

removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the

circumstances are serious, give expelled from the party: (a) on

supply or forged, destroyed, transfer, conceal evidence; (II) to

prevent others expose, providing evidence

Material; (III) harboring co personnel; (4) to the organization to

provide false information, to hide the fact; (5) the him against the

acts of the organization review. "< rule > add this clause to the

Constitution requires more specific, the previous no punishment in

accordance with the definite list and put forward clear punishment

in accordance with. (4) about organizing or participating in

superstitious activities as < Regulations > about engage in activities

of feudal superstition obstruction of social management order"

violations of Article 164 the provisions, but according to the original

< rule > only in disrupting production, work, social life order The

case to be disciplinary treatment, in other words, alone make the

feudal superstition, organize or participate in the activities of feudal

superstition of, does not constitute a violation. Which is not

consistent with the requirements of our party's political party. > <

new regulations in this change is, superstitious activities on the

political discipline, increase the Article 58, is the organization of

Party members, in superstitious activities included in violation of the

negative list of political discipline deserves punishment, which and

Party members should adhere to the correct political principle,

political standpoint and viewpoint is consistent. 14 the second

question about organization and discipline violation behavior of

democratic centralism is our The party's fundamental

organizational system. < New Regulations > Chapter 7 "in violation

of the behavior of organizational discipline punishment" mainly for

violation of democratic centralism, contrary to the "four obey the

discipline behavior for source classification rules. Increased not in

accordance with the relevant provisions or requirements to the

organization for instructions to report on major issues; do not report

truthfully report about personal matters; falsify personal archives;

hide before joining the party serious mistakes; leading cadres in

violation of the relevant provisions of the organization, will

participate in the spontaneous formation of the old Xiang, Alumni

Association, comrades in arms; to obtain illegal country residence

abroad or foreign nationality, illegal for private frontier Documents

such as discipline terms. (1) on the report truthfully report personal

matters in 2010 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of

China office, office of the State Council introduced < provisions on

issues related to the leading cadres to report personal >, is clear

about the request, deputy division level and above leading cadres

should truthfully report changes in my marriage and spouse,

children, moved to the country (territory), practitioners, income, real

estate, investment and other matters, for failing to report, do not

report, concealed and unreported, according to the seriousness of

the case, giving criticism and education, and to make a correction

within a time limit, shall be ordered to make a check, the

commandment Jiemian conversation, informed criticism or jobs,

free Post processing, constitute violations, in accordance with the

relevant provisions shall be given a disciplinary sanction. But since

the original < Regulations > and there is no corresponding specific

terms, the violation of the regulations, do not report, as a false

report about personal matters, there is no corresponding

disciplinary action terms, in practice it is difficult to operate. In this

regard, in order to solve is not reported, as a false report about

personal matters 15 asked censure, the new < Regulations > add

the Article 67 of violation of personal matters related to reporting

requirements, report truthfully report the clear punishment basis,

making this kind of violation behavior is no longer free drilling for

Exhibition on matters of personal checks to verify and supervision

of cadres, discipline review provides a powerful discipline

guarantee. (2) about the illegal organization, to fellow, alumni,

friends of the war will < regulations stipulated in Article 68 of >,

leading cadres of the party in violation of relevant provisions of the

organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of fellow,

Alumni Association, comrade in arms to give the punishment

according to the seriousness of the case. Here special needs note

is three points: this provision for only the leading cadres ", reflecting

the high requirements of leading cadres; second violation in 2002,

the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the central

Organization Department and the The relevant provisions of the

General Political Department jointly issued the < off in leading

cadres not to participate in the initiative to set up "the villagers

would be" alumni "" comrades in arms organization notice >. That is

to say, to the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association,

comrades in arms will constitute the premise of discipline is a

violation of the provisions of this. The notification specified, leading

cadres are not allowed to participate in the spontaneous

incorporation of fellow, alumni, between comrades association

would like the organization and shall not bear the sorority

Human and the organizer shall not hold the corresponding

position in the sorority; shall not borrow machine woven "network"

and engage in kiss sparsely, round and round the gangs, but not

"align" "Jieyi Gold Orchid" behavior. The third is to emphasize here

that shall be organized to participate in the initiative to set up the

villager, Alumni Association, comrades in arms. The so-called 16

spontaneous was established mainly means without registration.

Therefore, Party members include leading cadres in the normal

range of fellow, alumni, comrades in the party is not a violation of

the rules of Party discipline. The three problem about integrity

violations discipline Lian Jie discipline has been eighteen years

clean government and anti The focus of the work of corruption. This

Ordinance to amend, honesty and discipline this biggest

adjustment, the new content, most of which prescribed by the

original < criterion of a clean and honest administration > 8 ban and

52 are not allowed into the basic this part. (1) the central eight

provisions of the spirit and requirements into < New > in the

regulations of the party's eighteen years, central resolutely

implement the provisions of the eight and pay close attention to the

node and intensive briefing, on public funds, private bus, public

funds tourism, gifts of public funds, the big parade and lavish

weddings and festive, illegal payment allowances and subsidies,

illegal construction of buildings such as the original masses reflects

the relatively strong, "four winds" problem of the Resolute

rectification. But original < Regulations > to eat and drink, super

standard reception and no clear and specific expression, new <

rule > will implement eight Central provisions of the spirit of the

problem increased to "clean cheap self-discipline" chapter, clear to

exceed the standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow

machine eating and drinking etc. some in violation of the provisions

of the spirit of the eight central relevant persons responsible for

punishment, once the violation will be according to the < rule >

severely punished, binding, enhanced significantly. One is to add

Article 87, about to obtain illegal, hold, and the actual use of the

sports card, golf ball cards and other consumer card. Illegal access

to private clubs made the punishment provisions. The second is

increase the Article 97, has made provisions of the disposition of

illegal self pay or 17 spamming allowances, subsidies and bonuses.

The third is added to the Article 99, on violation of super standard,

beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eat and drink

to make the provisions of punishment. The fourth is to increase the

Article 101, on the management of conference activities in violation

of the provisions made sanctions regulations. The fifth is the

increased Article 102, for violation of office space management

provisions made the punishment provisions. Six is to split the

original < rule > Article 78, formed article 98, Article 100 of public

Models of tourism, violate the provisions on the administration of

the use of discipline of the bus through the list of made a more

detailed provisions, apply more operational. Seven is increased the

article 96, in violation of the relevant provisions of the, to participate

in public funds to pay for dinner, high consumption of entertainment,

fitness activities and public funds to buy gift, send gifts to make the

provisions of the disposition. On the violation of the central

provisions of the spirit of the eight, in addition to > < new

regulations into "violation of honesty and self-discipline"

misconduct outside, is different with the original < Regulations >,

revised < rule > clearly defined not only to disposition of the directly

responsible persons, but also dispose of collar Guide

responsibilities. (2) increased trading rights, use of authority or

position influence as relatives and close to profit violation of the

terms of the < New Regulations > absorption < clean politics

several guidelines > the relevant provisions spirit, increase the

"negative list, including trading rights, the functions and powers or

duties of influence as relatives and staff around profit. Increase

Article 81" mutual use of office or authority ring for each other and

their spouses, children and their spouses and other relatives,

around 18 personnel and other specific relationship between the

people to seek benefits engage in trading rights, given a warning or

serious warning Sanctions; if the circumstances are relatively

serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the

party post; if the circumstances are serious, shall be expelled from

the party. Increase Article 82 "connivance, acquiescence to the

spouse, children and spouse etc. relatives and staff around the

effect of Party members and cadres personal authority or position

for personal gain, if the circumstances are relatively minor, given a

warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively

serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the

party post; if the circumstances are serious, the given

Expelled from the party. Party members and cadres of the

spouses, children and their spouses does the actual work and get

salary or although the actual work but to receive significantly

beyond the same rank salary standard, Party members and cadres

informed fails to correct, in accordance with the provisions of the

preceding paragraph. "(3) about the gifts, gifts misconduct from

handling practices in recent years, engaged in official cadres

received gifts, gifts problems more prominent. This has seriously

affected the image of Party members and cadres, damaged the

relations between the party and the masses, and is a hotbed of

corruption, is really necessary for this kind of behavior to be

disciplined. < rule > no on accepting gifts, gifts, Card consumption

behavior to engage in simple "one size fits all", but the difference

between the different separately. One is in accordance with the

provisions of Article 83, accepting may affect the impartial

enforcement of the official gifts, gifts, consumer cards to depending

on the seriousness of the case shall be given disciplinary sanctions.

That is to say, for may affect the fair execution of business gifts,

gifts, consumer cards are not allowed to accept. 19 is in

accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting was

significantly higher than normal ceremony is still exchanges of gifts,

gifts, consumer card to disciplinary action. This is new regulations

that daily life is purely reciprocity, accepting the same thing, boys ,

fellow friends gifts, gifts, shopping cards, although and fair

execution of business has nothing to do, also want to as the case

shall be dealt with, the situation is obviously beyond normal

reciprocity ". The so-called" reciprocity ", one is emphasizes the

reciprocal in protocol. In other words is you to me how, I to you how,

not only does not go. The second is to significantly exceeded the

normal local economy level, customs and habits, economic

capacity of individual gifts, gift value. Specific sanctions to

according to the processing of a variety of factors to consider, as

appropriate. The third is the root according to the provisions of

Article 84," to Engaged in public service personnel and their

spouses and children, children's spouses and other relatives and

other specific relationship presented Ming Xianchao normal

reciprocity of gifts, gifts, consumer card, if the circumstances are

relatively serious, given a warning until probation. "In accordance

with the above provisions, gift giving significantly beyond the

normal reciprocity, giver constitute the discipline. (4) on illegal

trading of stocks or of other regulations of securities investment < >

Article 88 is engaged in punishment regulation of camp and activity

in violation of the relevant provisions on. Among them, 3 will"

buying and selling stocks or in other securities investment "column

as one of disciplinary cases Out. First need to be clear, > <

regulations did not change the provisions of the Ordinance. The

ordinance of the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 77

provisions "who, in violation of the provisions of the sale of stocks"

is one of the violation, and at the beginning of the first paragraph of

this article "violation of 20 against the relevant provisions of the"

textual representation of the repeat revision. In, just from the

legislative technique removed the "personal" in violation of the

provisions, content and not to change the original provisions. Need

to clear is, "buy or sell a stock or of other securities investment"

refers to violation of the relevant provisions refers to in April 2001,

the Party Central Committee, the State Council promulgated the On

the work of the party and government organs staff's personal

investment in securities if dry provisions >. According to the

provisions of Article 3, use of work time, office facilities, the sale of

stocks and securities investment fund belongs to illegal behavior.

The fourth question, about the violation of the masses of the

disciplinary actions < new regulations > would violate public

discipline behavior of a single set of a class of restored "three rules

of discipline and eight note" in the discipline of the masses of

excellent traditional. < New Regulations > Chapter 9 "to violate the

masses of disciplinary action", mainly the destruction of the party's

close ties with the masses of misconduct made provisions on

disciplinary; enrich and perfect the super standard, beyond the

scope of Xiang Qun < All to raise fund and labor, in for involving the

public affairs deliberately, chinakayao, in social security, policy

support, disaster relief funds and materials and other matters

assigned any kind and affectionate friends, obviously unfair acts

against the interests of the masses of the disciplinary terms;

increase the terms not in accordance with the provisions of the

public party provided, government, factory and village

(neighborhood) provided etc. violation of the people's right to know

the behavior of the discipline. The fifth issue, on the violation of

work discipline violation of work discipline added "negative list,

including Party organizations carry out strictly

Main responsibility for poor discipline terms. (1) the new party

organization comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the

party does not fulfill the 21 or perform poor disciplinary terms < New

Regulations > has a lead people to pay attention to the new terms,

that is, in chapter ten "on the violation of work discipline behavior

punishment" increase in the one hundred and fourteenth "party fail

to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the

party or to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility

for administering the ineffective, resulting in serious damage or

serious adverse effects, to the person directly responsible and the

responsibility of leadership and give a warning or serious warning.

The situation is serious, giving removed from their party posts or on

probation Punishment. "Here the changes. For the first time, the

main responsibility write < rule >. (2) new shall report does not

report or false reporting discipline shall increase the 117 bar" in the

higher level units to check to inspect the work or report to the

parent unit, work report of shall report the matters do not report or

do not report, cause serious damage or serious adverse effects of,

to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of

leadership, to give warning or a serious warning; if the

circumstances are serious, giving removed from their party posts or

placed on probation. "For example, during the tour visits to the

region, the unit Members the obligation to the inspection teams to

reflect the true situation, to conceal not reported or intentionally to

the inspection teams to provide false information, causing serious

damage or serious adverse effects of, the person directly

responsible and the responsibility of leadership should be in

accordance with the provisions of < rule > Article 117 to give the

appropriate punishment. (3) the new not granted in accordance

with the provisions of punishment, not according to the provisions

of the implementation of disciplinary measures 22 violation of the

provisions of Article 115 "Party organizations have one of the

following circumstances, the direct leadership responsibility.

Probation: members were sentenced punished, in accordance with

the provisions give disciplinary action or in violation of state law

Rules of behavior should be given disciplinary punishment and

dispose of; disciplinary punishment by decision or complaint review

the decision made, not in accordance with the provisions of the

implementation decisions on punishment of the party, position, rank,

and the treatment of the matters; Party members subject to

disciplinary action, not in accordance with the cadre management

authority and organizational relationships of by dispose of Party

members to carry out education and supervision of daily

management. "What needs to be pointed out is," cliff "demoted with

cars, housing, secretary problem, implementation is not a discipline

and party posts and ranks treatment by the organization

department is responsible for the implementation, with cars,

housing by the logistics department is responsible for the

implementation of, Ji Commission responsible oversight

responsibilities. The six questions, about the acts violating the

discipline of life "in violation of discipline of life behavior

punishment", mainly to "four winds" problems and a serious

violation of social morality, family virtue acts of misconduct made

provisions on disciplinary, an increase of extravagant life, contrary

to the social public order and good customs disciplinary terms.

Worth mentioning is, > < Regulations in Article 150 about "adultery"

"mistress (Cardiff) formulation in the new < rule > is removed, to

expand the scope of Article 127 provisions" and others hair

improper sexual relations, let face disciplinary action Wider more

strict. Four, and earnestly do a good job in the < code > and <

rule > implement system of life lies in execution. < code > and <

Regulations > is 23 Party organizations at all levels of a strong

constraint and all Party members follow. Learning and

implementing the < code > and < rule > is party committees (party),

commission for discipline, discipline inspection group), the majority

of Party members and cadres of the common responsibility, must

party caught together, the party one execution. () Party committees

(party) and play and implement comprehensive strictly the main

responsibility, pays special attention to the two party regulations

learning cross penetration. One is to Adhere to the party

constitution is fundamental to follow, and resolutely safeguard the

authority of the Party Chapter. The second is to adhere to the

problem oriented, to strictly political discipline and political rule

moments in the first place. The third is to adhere to the discipline

and rules quite in front must not allow the bottom line to break the

discipline. The fourth is to seriously organize the study of

propaganda and education, in the city party members to create a

disciplined, about the rules of the strong atmosphere. (II)

Commission for Discipline Inspection at all levels (Discipline

Inspection Group) to an important basis for the revised two party

regulations as, adhere to easily blame, strengthen supervision and

enforcement

And early method in combining Ji, increase accountability

efforts. One is to two regulations within the party important basis,

adhere to the party constitution duties, with strict discipline to

maintain the constitution authority. The second is to adhere to high

standards and keep the bottom line, adhere to Ji Yan in law and

discipline, the discipline and rules quite in front, grasping grasping

small, easily blame, comprehensive use of supervision and

discipline of "four kinds of form" in the discipline embodies the strict

requirements and care for the discipline, tighten up, Yan. According

to discipline in accordance with regulations to carry out disciplinary

review. Increase the violations punishment, clues can initiate an

investigation on the trial of cases According to the discipline on the

provisions of the proportion of processing and control manager

maintains discipline. To focus on investigating non convergence,

don't accept hand serious disciplinary violations at the same time,

pay more attention to the general review of discipline 24 behavior,

and gradually increase the lighter punishment. Four is to illuminate

two party regulations, combined with the local district of the

Department of party conduct Lianzheng to relevant laws and

regulations system clean, timely research proposes to establish,

change, waste release opinion, avoid conflict, and the fasten

system of cage, and gradually formed not rot, not rot, not want to

rot system and working mechanism. (3) the leadership of the party

members and cadres should play an exemplary role. The rate of

higher consciousness of the front of the Ordinance to lead practice

self-discipline norms, leading to maintain discipline of seriousness

and authority. One is the above rate, demonstration and guidance,

take the lead in learning and mastering the < code > and < > the

requirements and regulations, do the deep understanding, learning

to use. The second is to play an exemplary role in abiding by

discipline rate, take the lead in practicing self-discipline norms,

firmly establish before the discipline are equal, the system has no

privilege, discipline is no exception, and consciously do standards,

require more strict measures more practical. Third is to consciously

accept supervision, conscientiously participate in the democratic

life and debriefing honesty responsibility, such as Real to the party

organization to report personal matters, and to accept the

supervision of the work and life of the normal, habits under the

supervision of the exercise of power, to carry out the work. The

fourth is to set an example for the strict enforcement of discipline.

Leading cadres should take the lead in the maintenance of

discipline of seriousness and authority, to dare to seriously, dare to

struggle, dare to offend people, for misconduct not laissez faire, but

do not indulge, not tolerate to ensure the party constitution of party

compasses party put in place. (4) the majority of Party members

and cadres to set high standards and hold the bottom line,

consciously abide by the < code > and < rule >. One is to control

the < standard > and < 25 cases >, tight Close connection with their

own thoughts, practical work and life, efforts to solve the problems,

to enhance the study and implement of the effectiveness and

pertinence. The second is to establish a high standard and hold the

bottom line, consciously in the self-discipline pursuit of high

standards, strictly in the party away from the red line discipline,

discipline, about the rules and know fear, distrust, the formation of

the honor system, comply with the system, safeguard system of

good habits.

Regulations and discipline regulations of < < New Revision of

the Communist Party of China clean fingered self-discipline

criterion > and < Chinese Communist Party Disciplinary

Regulations > is the Party Central Committee in the new situation

to promote the comprehensive strictly root of the lift, the regulations

of the party construction of keeping pace with the times. We should

study and implement the Standards > and < > as the primary

political task, adhere to the party constitution duties, adhere to the

discipline of, Ji Yan in law, the full implementation of supervision

and discipline accountability responsibilities for coordination and

promotion "four overall" strategic layout in XX District vivid practice

to provide a strong guarantee. - Si Jian Wu, and effectively

enhance the implementation of the implementation of the < code >

< > The consciousness of General Secretary Xi pointed out that the

party is in charge of the party, to manage the party; strictly, it can

cure good party. Criterion > and < rule > keep pace with the times is

our party to form a new potential strictly rules, to deepen

understanding of the ruling law, is a comprehensive strictly, and

strengthen the supervision within the party important grasper.

Criterion > closely linked to the theme of self-discipline,

self-discipline intensity-modulated, focusing on morality, for the

majority of Party members and cadres set to see, feel the high

standard, show the Communists noble moral sentiment;

District Ordinance < < rule > the constitution of discipline integration

into a political discipline, organization and discipline, honesty and

discipline, discipline of the masses, work discipline, discipline,

emphasize discipline, focusing on established rules, to draw the

party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom

line. Party committees (party) to effectively strengthen the study

and publicize the implementation of the < code > and < rule > the

organization and leadership of criterion > and < > a full range, multi

angle, deep publicity, the formation of study and publicize and

implement the boom, in order to consolidate the development of

good political environment to create a positive environment and

atmosphere. The majority of Party members and cadres to strict

requirements, the < rule > and < Ordinance cases > as a guide to

action and behavior criterion, adhere to the moral standards and

discipline of the bottom line, to maintain the discipline of worship

and awe, learning, compliance, and maintain party discipline and

rules of the model. The discipline inspection and supervision

organs and cadres to the < code > and < > as the deepening of the

"three", and strengthen supervision and discipline of accountability

is important to follow correctly grasp the use of supervision and

discipline of "four types", promote the comprehensive strictly in new

roots. Strict discipline, adhere to the discipline and rules quite in

front of the enterprise in the implementation of expensive to

implement to execute. The discipline inspection and supervision

organs to implement the < code > and < Efforts to investigate

cases > as an opportunity, adhere to the party should manage the

party strictly, serious performance of their duties to promote two

regulations implementation. Change discipline concept. From the

simple "investigation of illegal" to a comprehensive "stare at violate

discipline"; from the business case to prosecute the big cases and

timely solve the signs of tilt to. From the orientation to the normal

supervision; from the tube "minority" to resist the "most". Guide

Party members and cadres to seriously implement the < code >

and < rule >, consciously abide by the political, organizational,

honest people, work, life six discipline. Urge the leadership cadres

sent to play an exemplary role, take the lead in strictly enforced.

Relaxation and rest Strong wind is Su Ji, closely linked to the "four

winds" prone to multiple, the masses reflect the strong important

nodes and, glued to the four winds "new form, new trends,

seriously investigate and deal with violations of the central eight

provisions of the spirit, to increase the bulletin exposure intensity,

the formation of Chajiu" four winds "loudly, continue to release and

discipline must be strict signal. At the same time, extended

supervision tentacles, through the development of the rural and

fishery party conduct Lianzheng construction inspection, issued in

a timely manner, Chajiu occurred in grassroots side of corruption

and unhealthy, and earnestly safeguard the interests of the masses

and social stability. The creativity and discipline. Grasp and make

good use of the supervision and discipline of" four types ", to

ensure the Promoting clues to lots of discipline and the law of the

vacuum tube, strict together. Not only to the "less" and "very few"

thorough investigation severely punished, but also the "most" to

maintain zero tolerance trend through layers of conductive

pressure, let the discipline about the rules for each party members

and cadres consciously follow. At present, it is necessary to

implement the "list" management, strictly follow the clues to the

disposal of five standards, make the classification of disposal,

dynamic cleanup. Zadok Party committees at all levels to

implement the main responsibility, comprehensive use of

disciplinary action and tissue processing and other means to

effectively curb the commonplace, used to see do not blame the

"small problem", not because of "practice" and "exception".

Prominent Discipline characteristics, the problems of violation of

discipline and rules into the focus of supervision and discipline and

disciplinary review. At the same time, increase case double check

the intensity, the serious problems of discipline violations or "four

winds" ban but not absolutely, not only to be held directly

responsible, but also held leadership responsibility; not only to

pursue studies the main responsibility of the Party committee, and

to pursue Commission for Discipline Inspection and supervision

responsibilities and promote accountability to become the new

norm. The implementation of supervisory responsibility. Maintain <

code > and < rule > the seriousness and authority of the discipline

and rules and truly become the party's ruler. Discipline as

supervision within the party the specialized agency, we must

strengthen the responsibility to act, adhere to the Impartial

discipline accountability, earnestly will be strict discipline, discipline

must be punished, and severely punish the acts in violation of rules

and regulations.